Modeling Robotic-Assisted Mechanical Thrombectomy Procedures with the CorPath GRX Robot: The Core-Flow Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Endovascular robotic devices may enable experienced neurointerventionalists to remotely perform endovascular thrombectomy. This study aimed to assess the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of robot-assisted endovascular thrombectomy compared with manual procedures by operators with varying levels of experience, using a 3D printed neurovascular model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: M1 MCA occlusions were simulated in a 3D printed neurovascular model, linked to a CorPath GRX robot in a biplane angiography suite. Four interventionalists performed manual endovascular thrombectomy (n = 45) and robot-assisted endovascular thrombectomy (n = 37) procedures. The outcomes included first-pass recanalization (TICI 2c-3), the number and size of generated distal emboli, and procedural length. RESULTS: A total of 82 experimental endovascular thrombectomies were conducted. A nonsignificant trend favoring the robot-assisted endovascular thrombectomy was observed in terms of final recanalization (89.2% versus manual endovascular thrombectomy, 71.1%; P = .083). There were no differences in total mean emboli count (16.54 [SD, 15.15] versus 15.16 [SD, 16.43]; P = .303). However, a higher mean count of emboli of > 1 mm was observed in the robot-assisted endovascular thrombectomy group (1.08 [SD, 1.00] versus 0.49 [SD, 0.84]; P = .001) compared with manual endovascular thrombectomy. The mean procedural length was longer in robot-assisted endovascular thrombectomy (6.43 [SD, 1.71] minutes versus 3.98 [SD, 1.84] minutes; P < .001). Among established neurointerventionalists, previous experience with robotic procedures did not influence recanalization (95.8% were considered experienced; 76.9% were considered novices; P = .225). CONCLUSIONS: In a 3D printed neurovascular model, robot-assisted endovascular thrombectomy has the potential to achieve recanalization rates comparable with those of manual endovascular thrombectomy within competitive procedural times. Optimization of the procedural setup is still required before implementation in clinical practice.

Alimentación de los escolares tarahumaras de la comunidad de Agua Zarca, Chihuahua, México / Food of tarahumara schoolchildren in the community of Agua Zarca, Chihuahua, México

Introducción: Los tarahumaras son un pueblo nativo de la Sierra Madre Occidental, en el estado de Chihuahua y uno de los más pobres de México. La Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos indígenas, mantiene un programa de alimentación en los Albergues Escolares destinado a paliar la desnutrición infantil. Objetivo: analizar la adecuación de la dieta que los escolares siguen en el albergue y compararla con la tienen en sus hogares. Métodos: la muestra es de 50 escolares de ambos sexos (edad 9.78 ± 1.25 años) asistentes a la "Escuela Albergue Indígena Ignacio León Ruíz" de Agua Zarca. Se aplicó un recordatorio de 24 horas, en la escuela y en los hogares. Se analizó el consumo energético, de macro y micronutrientes tomando como referencia las recomendaciones para la población mexicana. Resultados: el consumo energético y de todos los nutrientes fue superior en la comida de la escuela (p < 0.001), pero la proporción de sujetos con consumo deficitario fue para niacina (40%), ácido fólico (40%-55%) calcio (23,3%- 35%), hierro (35%), magnesio (55%) y zinc (80%). En los hogares, hasta 50% de los niños y 83,3% de las niñas no alcanzaron cobertura para ácido ascórbico, tiamina y riboflavina; entre 70%-95% reportaron baja ingesta en sodio, magnesio y potasio. Más del 50% presentó déficit para todos los micronutrientes y ningún escolar alcanzó cobertura para calcio y zinc. Conclusiones: Los albergues proporcionan una alimentación cualiatativa y cuantitativamente mejor que la del hogar, pero no alcanza a cubrir las necesidades de los escolares

Introduction: The Tarahumaras are a native people of the Sierra Madre Occidental, in the state of Chihuahua and one of the poorest in Mexico. The National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples maintains a food programme in school shelters to alleviate child malnutrition. Objective: to analyse the adequacy of the diet that schoolchildren follow in the shelter and to compare it with what they have at home. Methods: the sample is 50 schoolchildren of both sexes (age 9.78 ± 1.25 years) attending the "Ignacio León Ruíz Indigenous Shelter School" in Agua Zarca. A 24-hour reminder was applied at school and at home. The consumption of energy, macro and micronutrients was analyzed taking as a reference the recommendations for the Mexican population. Results: energy and all-nutrient intake was higher at school meal (p < 0.001), but the proportion of subjects with deficient intake was for niacin (40%), folic acid (40%-55%), calcium (23.3%-35%), iron (35%), magnesium (55%) and zinc (80%). In households, up to 50% of boys and 83.3% of girls did not reach coverage for ascorbic acid, thiamin and riboflavin; between 70%-95% reported low sodium, magnesium and potassium intake. More than 50% were deficient in all micronutrients and no schoolchildren achieved coverage for calcium and zinc. Conclusions: The shelters provide a qualitatively and quantitatively better diet than the home, but this is not enough to cover the needs of the schoolchildren

Farmland biodiversity and agricultural management on 237 farms in 13 European and two African regions.

Farmland is a major land cover type in Europe and Africa and provides habitat for numerous species. The severe decline in farmland biodiversity of the last decades has been attributed to changes in farming practices, and organic and low-input farming are assumed to mitigate detrimental effects of agricultural intensification on biodiversity. Since the farm enterprise is the primary unit of agricultural decision making, management-related effects at the field scale need to be assessed at the farm level. Therefore, in this study, data were collected on habitat characteristics, vascular plant, earthworm, spider, and bee communities and on the corresponding agricultural management in 237 farms in 13 European and two African regions. In 15 environmental and agricultural homogeneous regions, 6-20 farms with the same farm type (e.g., arable crops, grassland, or specific permanent crops) were selected. If available, an equal number of organic and non-organic farms were randomly selected. Alternatively, farms were sampled along a gradient of management intensity. For all selected farms, the entire farmed area was mapped, which resulted in total in the mapping of 11 338 units attributed to 194 standardized habitat types, provided together with additional descriptors. On each farm, one site per available habitat type was randomly selected for species diversity investigations. Species were sampled on 2115 sites and identified to the species level by expert taxonomists. Species lists and abundance estimates are provided for each site and sampling date (one date for plants and earthworms, three dates for spiders and bees). In addition, farmers provided information about their management practices in face-to-face interviews following a standardized questionnaire. Farm management indicators for each farm are available (e.g., nitrogen input, pesticide applications, or energy input). Analyses revealed a positive effect of unproductive areas and a negative effect of intensive management on biodiversity. Communities of the four taxonomic groups strongly differed in their response to habitat characteristics, agricultural management, and regional circumstances. The data has potential for further insights into interactions of farmland biodiversity and agricultural management at site, farm, and regional scale.

Cryoplasty versus conventional angioplasty in femoropopliteal arterial recanalization: 3-year analysis of reintervention-free survival by treatment received.

PURPOSE: To compare long-term efficacy of cryoplasty therapy versus conventional angioplasty in the treatment of peripheral arterial atherosclerotic stenosis on the basis of our 3-year clinical experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2006 to December 2008, a total of 155 patients with 192 lesions of the femoropopliteal sector were randomized to receive either cryoplasty or conventional balloon angioplasty. The primary study end point was lesion target patency. Follow-up with clinical evaluation of patient's symptoms, ankle-brachial index, and Doppler ultrasound was scheduled at 1, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 36 months. RESULTS: For the cryoplasty group (n = 86), technical immediate success was achieved in 74.4% of lesions. Rate of significant dissection was 13.5% and rate of stent placement of 22%. In the long term, target lesion patency rate at 6 months was 59.4%, with rates of 55.9, 52.6, and 49.1% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. For the conventional angioplasty group (n = 69), the immediate technical success rate was 83.7%. Rate of significant dissection was 19%, and rate of stent placement was 72.9%. Patency rates at 6 months and at 1, 2, and 3 years were 71.5, 61.2, 60, and 56%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Compared with conventional angioplasty, cryoplasty showed good immediate success rates with lower stent placement rates. During the 3-year follow-up, patency rates tended to equalize between the two modalities.

Multidetector computed tomography findings of dense pulmonary emboli in oncologic patients.

Pulmonary embolism is a frequent condition for which multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) plays an important role in its detection. Occasionally, on MDCT studies, dense linear branching opacities may be found within the pulmonary vessels. They represent dense emboli within the pulmonary arteries (DEPA). These may occur in oncologic patients that undergo specific treatments or interventional procedures, such as cement embolus from vertebroplasty, catheter or coil migration after embolization procedures, radioactive seed embolus in patients treated with local brachytherapy for prostate, lung, or liver cancer, and also in chronic pulmonary embolism. Usually DEPA does not have any clinical significance but may be fatal when massive or when in patients with impaired cardiopulmonary function. Being familiar with their radiologic appearance and knowing about the good clinical outcome of these patients will avoid unnecessary imaging testing. In this article, we describe some examples of DEPA. Based on the MDCT imaging findings, these emboli have very few or no side effects on the underlying lung parenchyma. We would like to stress the need for using bone window values for identifying these emboli. We provide examples of dense linear nonvascular images (pulmonary calcification secondary to tuberculosis (TBC) or radiotherapy, calcified mucous plugs, lung sutures, etc) that may mimic DEPA.

Non-electrocardiogram-gated multidetector-row computed tomography findings of cardiac pathology in oncologic patients.

Multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) plays an essential role in oncologic imaging as the modality of mapping out the treatment strategy at staging, assessing response to the treatment, and following up patient outcome after the treatment. Even without electrocardiogram gating, MDCT provides accurate information about the heart. In the group of oncologic patients, different tumoral and non-tumoral-related heart disorders can be found, for example, metastatic cardiac involvement (approximately 10% of patients with lung or breast cancer will develop metastases to the heart), paraneoplastic cardiac disorders, non-tumor-related heart disorders, and chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-related cardiac side effects. MDCT plays a role in the detection of these entities. We show the non-electrocardiogram-gated MDCT findings of oncology-related cardiac disorders to encourage radiologists to recognize and report cardiac findings in oncologic patients. Appropriate knowledge of tumoral and non-tumoral-related MDCT features allows a complete evaluation of oncologic patients with ancillary cardiac findings. An adequate knowledge of the patient's medical history, previous treatments, and concomitant illnesses is essential to interpret heart findings in oncologic patients who undergo MDCT.

Computed tomographic appearance of chest ports and catheters: a pictorial review for noninterventional radiologists.

Medical practice has expanded the need for long-term central venous catheterization. Chest ports play an important role in the management of oncology patients who need frequent blood products, chemotherapy, and other intravenous drugs. Imaging-guided placement of chest ports and catheters (CR) is a safe and efficacious procedure. Moreover, many cases of catheter-induced central thrombosis go unrecognized, but the incidence of pulmonary embolism in this group may be as high as 12%. Multi-detector computed tomography represents the main imaging method in the follow-up of oncologic patients. We review the radiologic features, mainly on multi-detector computed tomography, of CR commonly used for chemotherapy administration and describe the radiological findings of the complications associated with these devices. Examples of complications include the following: pneumothorax, inversion of the reservoir and malpositioned catheter, great vessel perforation, fibrin sheath formation and catheter-related venous thrombosis, infection, Pinch-off syndrome, and extravasation. When interpreting computed tomography (CT) in oncologic patients, radiologists should be familiar with CR and comment on catheter's position, and the presence or absence of complications. General radiologists should keep in mind the medical history of the patient with regards to the CR and the specific CT findings when they read radiological studies in oncologic patients. Appropriate window values and multi-plane CT reconstructions are useful in the diagnosis of CR-related complications.